Plasma chromogranin A in incidental non-functioning, benign, solid adrenocortical tumors

Objective: To evaluate whether adenomas arising from the adrenal cortex, a tissue of epithelial origin, are associated with high chromogranin A (CgA) levels and whether such tumors may express and release this protein. In addition, to investigate whether high CgA levels imply a neuroendocrine differentiation of the adrenocortical adenomas and, therefore, represent a humoral marker of malignant transformation of these tumors. Design: Plasma CgA of 80 patients with non-functioning, benign adrenocortical adenomas was compared with that of 137 tumor-free subjects. In 15 patients, the masses were surgically removed and CgA was measured 2 months later. The other 65 patients with adrenocortical adenomas underwent clinical and radiological follow-up (range 24-36 months). Methods: CgA was evaluated by immunoradiometric assay in peripheral blood and by immunohistochemistry in adrenal tissue specimens. Results: An increase in plasma CgA (P < 0.001) was observed in patients with adrenocortical adenomas (83.4 +/- 7.5 ng/ml) in comparison with tumor-free subjects (43.1 +/- 1.5 ng/ml). The prevalence of high CgA levels was 25% in the former and 0.7% in the latter. By multiple regression analysis, an increase (49%) in the expected median CgA value was estimated for adrenocortical adenomas (P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed a good diagnostic performance of CgA in identifying patients with adrenocortical adenomas (pure accuracy = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.71-0.84). In the operated patients, CgA levels did not change before (80.6 +/- 16.5 ng/ml) and after (74.3 +/- 16.3 ng/ml) surgery and in no case was CgA immunoreactivity found in adenoma tissues. The non-operated patients did not develop signs or symptoms of disease and showed no features of malignant transformation of the masses. Conclusions: Our data showed a strong association between adrenocortical adenomas and high CgA levels. CgA hypersecretion was not due to adenoma tissue, which did not show immunoreactivity for CgA. Finally, elevated CgA levels did not represent a Immoral marker of malignant transformation of cortical adenomas.