Unidirectional visual motion adaptation induces reciprocal inhibition of human early visual cortex excitability

Objectives: Behavioural observations provided by the waterfall illusion suggest that motion perception is mediated by a comparison of responsiveness of directional selective neurones. These are proposed to be optimally tuned for motion detection in different directions. Critically however, despite the behavioural observations, direct evidence of this relationship at a cortical level in humans is lacking. By utilising the state dependant properties of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), one can probe the excitability of specific neuronal populations using the perceptual phenomenon of phosphenes. Method: We exposed subjects to unidirectional visual motion adaptation and subsequently simultaneously measured early visual cortex (V1) excitability whilst viewing motion in the adapted and nonadapted direction. Result: Following adaptation, the probability of perceiving a phosphene whilst viewing motion in the adapted direction was diminished reflecting a reduction in V1 excitability. Conversely, V1 excitability was enhanced whilst viewing motion in the opposite direction to that used for adaptation. Conclusion: Our results provide support that in humans a process of reciprocal inhibition between oppositely tuned directionally selective neurones in V1 facilitates motion perception. Significance: This paradigm affords a unique opportunity to investigate changes in cortical excitability following peripheral vestibular disorders. (C) 2013 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.