Irrigation and Planting Geometry Effects on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Yield and Water Use

Addressing the challenges of dwindling groundwater resources and ever-increasing demands for water necessitate enhancing water use efficiency (WUE) in irrigated agriculture. In a 2-year study, we examined the effects of different levels of irrigation and PG on lint yield and WUE of furrow irrigated cotton in a Dundee silt loam in the Mississippi Delta. The main plots were three irrigation regimes: irrigating every furrow (FI), alternate furrow (HI), and no irrigation (RF) and subplots were two planting geometries (PG): single-row (SR) and twin-row (TR). Across FI and HI no significant differences were observed in plant height and biomass yield at flowering, but chlorophyll content index and leaf area index (LAI) were positively affected. Canopy closure in TR planting occurred earlier than SR leading to higher leaf areas available for harvesting more light during photosynthesis. Averaged across the irrigation regimes, the TR planting enhanced lint yield by 10.6% in 2018 and 17.6% in 2019 compared to SR. The average lint yield in SR and TR were: 1779 and 2028 kg ha(-1) under FI, 1803 and 2082 kg ha(-1) under HI, and 1573 and 1788 kg ha(-1) under RF treatments, respectively. In FI and HI treatments, TR had higher lint yield than RF treatment by 13.8% and 16.5%, respectively. Lint yield in HI with TR had the highest irrigation WUE (3.4 kg ha(-1) mm-1) followed by HI with SR (2.7 kg ha(-1) mm(-1)). These results demonstrated that cotton grown in TR with HI could reduce irrigation water demand in silt loams.