Synthesis of a novel nitrogen-doped carbon dot by microwave-assisted carbonization method and its applications as selective probes for optical pH (acidity) sensing in aqueous/nonaqueous media, determination of nitrate/nitrite, and optical recognition of NOX gas

A novel nitrogen-doped carbon dot (N-CD) was synthesized via carbonization of citric acid in the presence of triethylenetetramine as a nitrogen source. The average size of the N-doped CDs and also the quantum yield of the synthesized N-doped CDs were both estimated to be 9 +/- 2 nm and 39.5%, respectively. The applications of the synthesized carbon nanostructure as a high quantum yield fluorescence probe were initially adopted in the fabrication of a novel optical pH (acidity) sensor in both aqueous and nonaqueous environments. Two optimum dynamic intervals were obtained with the ranges of 1.50-5.0 and 7.0-10.0. for the fabricated pH sensor with a standard deviation of 0.09 pH (n = 4). The quantity of HClO4 inside acetic acid was determined as the degree of acidity with a linear range between 1.0 and 4.0%. Determination of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) based on the fluorescence quenching of NCDs was also evaluated in detail. The linear ranges for NO2- and NO3- species were estimated to be from 1 x 10(7) to 7.5 x 10(5) and from 2.5 x 10(6) to 7.5 x 10(4) mol L (-1), respectively with RSD of 3.69% (n = 5) for NO2- and 3.54% (n = 5) for NO3-. The LODs (X+3S(b)) for both NO2- and NO3- were estimated to be 2.5 x 10(-8) and 7.5 x 10(-7) mol L-1, respectively. The synthesized N-CDs were also applicable for NOX recognition in the gaseous form at part per thousand (ppt) levels with linear ranges of 3.77-36.51 and 27.67-43.77 ppt, LOD (X+3S(b)) of 1.41 ppt (n = 4) and RSD of 4.37% (n = 5). The reliability of these methods was also evaluated via the analyses of different forms of gaseous, water and rumen samples. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.