Robust, low-cost data loggers for stream temperature, flow intermittency, and relative conductivity monitoring

Water temperature and streamflow intermittency are critical parameters influencing aquatic ecosystem health. Low-cost temperature loggers have made continuous water temperature monitoring relatively simple but determining streamflow timing and intermittency using temperature data alone requires significant and subjective data interpretation. Electrical resistance (ER) sensors have recently been developed to overcome the major limitations of temperature-based methods for the assessment of streamflow intermittency. This technical note introduces the STIC (Stream Temperature, Intermittency, and Conductivity logger); a robust, low-cost, simple to build instrument that provides long-duration, high-resolution monitoring of both relative conductivity (RC) and temperature. Simultaneously collected temperature and RC data provide unambiguous water temperature and streamflow intermittency information that is crucial for monitoring aquatic ecosystem health and assessing regulatory compliance. With proper calibration, the STIC relative conductivity data can be used to monitor specific conductivity. Key points <list id="wrcr21060-list-0001" list-type="bulleted"> <list-item id="wrcr21060-li-0001">High-resolution, long-duration, intermittent stream flow, and temperature monitoring <list-item id="wrcr21060-li-0002">Provides relative conductivity information and can estimate specific conductivity <list-item id="wrcr21060-li-0003">Simple, low-cost, robust design, operates when frozen or buried in sediment