Machine learning and data-driven prediction of pore pressure from geophysical logs: A case study for the Mangahewa gas field, New Zealand

Pore pressure is an essential parameter for establishing reservoir conditions, geological interpretation and drilling programs. Pore pressure prediction depends on information from various geophysical logs, seismic, and direct down-hole pressure measurements. However, a level of uncertainty accompanies the prediction of pore pressure because insufficient information is usually recorded in many wells. Applying machine learning (ML) algorithms can decrease the level of uncertainty of pore pressure prediction uncertainty in cases where available information is limited. In this research, several ML techniques are applied to predict pore pressure through the over-pressured Eocene reservoir section penetrated by four wells in the Mangahewa gas field, New Zealand. Their predictions substantially outperform, in terms of prediction performance, those generated using a multiple linear regression (MLR) model. The geophysical logs used as input variables are sonic, temperature and density logs, and some direct pore pressure measurements were available at the reservoir level to calibrate the predictions. A total of 25,935 data records involving six well-log input variables were evaluated across the four wells. All ML methods achieved credible levels of pore pressure prediction performance. The most accurate models for predicting pore pressure in individual wells on a supervised basis are decision tree (DT), adaboost (ADA), random forest (RF) and transparent open box (TOB). The DT achieved root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.25 psi to 14.71 psi for the four wells. The trained models were less accurate when deployed on a semi-supervised basis to predict pore pressure in the other wellbores. For two wells (Mangahewa-03 and Mangahewa-06), semi-supervised prediction achieved acceptable prediction performance of RMSE of 130-140 psi; while for the other wells, semi-supervised prediction performance was reduced to RMSE > 300 psi. The results suggest that these models can be used to predict pore pressure in nearby locations, i.e. similar geology at corresponding depths within a field, but they become less reliable as the step-out distance increases and geological conditions change significantly. In comparison to other approaches to predict pore pressures, this study has identified that application of several ML algorithms involving a large number of data records can lead to more accurate prediction results. (C) 2022 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).