A review of the nanomaterials use for the diagnosis and therapy of salmonella typhi

The bacterial pathogen Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) causes a severe systemic disease in humans called typhoid fever, which is a major public health issue of global importance. Ciprofloxacin has an excellent sterilizing effect on the biliary and fecal reservoirs of chronic carriers of S. typhi in comparison to conventional antibiotics such as ampicillin. Despite of recent development of resistance in S. typhi strains as well as resistant biofilms, delivery systems of such drugs, controlled and targeted release of antibiotic modalities remain a big challenge. The development of novel therapeutic delivery formats to treat S. typhi is urgently required. Therefore, advanced targeted nanocarriers based on carbohydrates polymers, lipids and metals proves to be most effective way of treating S. typhi infection. Diagnosis of typhoid is challenging owing to the vast existence of gaps accompanying over-testing, over-diagnosis, over-treatment, nonspecificity and heterogenous nature of virulent S. typhi strains.Therefore there is need for new biosensing approaches for detection and diagnosis of S.typhi strands for mininmizing the dosage and resistance of antibiotic modalities. Recently developed nano scale based biosensors have been in used for detection of S. typhi pathogen. Moreover, there is need to focus on principle and application that could be targetd for diagnosis of S.typhi. In summary, nanomaterials seemed to be an ideal candidate for eradication as well as diagnosis of S. typhi intracellularly. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.