Long-Term Outcomes of Selective Renal Artery Embolization for Renal Arteriovenous Fistulae with Dilated Venous Sac

Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate the role of selective renal artery embolization for renal arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) with dilated venous sac. Materials and Methods: Between 2002 and 2015, 14 patients (7 men and 7 women; mean age, 60 years) with a single renal AVF with dilated venous sac underwent selective renal artery embolization. Three patients presented with gross hematuria, 4 presented with occult blood in urine, and 1 presented with chronic heart failure. Five patients had a history of renal biopsy or partial nephrectomy. Embolic agents used included pushable fibered coils, detachable microcoils, hydrogel coils, N-butyl 2-cyanoactylate, and/or absolute ethanol. Technical success was defined as complete angiographic occlusion of the renal AVF without visualization of the venous sac. Clinical success was defined as the disappearance of the AVF on ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography, without any symptoms. Results: Fifteen sessions of selective renal artery embolization were performed. Technical success was achieved in 13 sessions (86.7%). Clinical success was achieved in 13 patients (92.9%) after a mean follow-up of 48 months (range, 6-155 months). Two major complications occurred-renal vein thrombosis (n = 1) and renovascular hypertension (n = 1)-and were successfully managed with warfarin and an angiotensin-II receptor blocker, respectively. The former patient required re-embolization because of recanalization. No significant changes were observed in the mean serum creatinine level (.86 mg/dL vs .85 mg/dL; P = .67) and the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (66.0 mL/min/1.73m(2) vs 67.4 mL/min/1.73m(2); P = .4) after 6 months. Conclusions: Selective renal artery embolization is a safe and effective treatment for renal AVFs with dilated venous sac.