Effect of variations from the recommended powder/liquid ratio on some properties of resin-modified cements

Objectives. The powder and liquid contents of cements are mixed in accordance with the recommended mixing ratio, but discrepancies occur despite the use of proportioning scoops. Little is known about powder/liquid ratio variations on certain properties of resin-modified cements. Methods. Two resin-modified glass ionomer cements ( RMGIC) were mixed using various powder/liquid ratios: ( a) Recommended ratio: Fuji Plus: powder/ liquid 2: 1; ProTecCEM p/12.25:1. (b) Maximal variation arising using proportioning aids ( 17% liquid surplus): Fuji Plus 1.66:1, ProTecCEM 1.875:1. Limits of mixing and specimen construction: either ( c) both groups with more liquid (1.5:1) or (d) more powder ( 3: 1). Flexural strength was determined using a 3-point bending test ( after 24 h) and wear using a 3-body abrasion device. The extent of cure reaction was characterized using differential thermal analysis (DTA). Results. While higher powder content did not significantly affect the flexural strength of Fuji Plus and ProTecCEM, it considerably reduced wear of Fuji Plus. Increasing liquid content reduced flexural strength. A substantial increase in wear for Fuji Plus 1.5: 1, and ProTecCEM 1.875: 1 and 1.5: 1 mixtures was observed. DTA demonstrated that a higher liquid content resulted in incomplete setting reactions, which could be detected even after 24 h of cure. Conclusions. If RMGICs are mixed with powder/ liquid variations, given the inaccuracy of proportioning aids the properties of RMGIC will change slightly and may be disregarded. If set with higher powder/ liquid variations, a surplus of powder has less influence on the properties than a surplus of liquid.