Colony Collapse Disorder: A Descriptive Study

被引:949
作者
vanEngelsdorp, Dennis
Evans, Jay D.
Saegerman, Claude
Mullin, Chris
Haubruge, Eric
Nguyen, Bach Kim
Frazier, Maryann
Frazier, Jim
Cox-Foster, Diana
Chen, Yanping
Underwood, Robyn
Tarpy, David R.
Pettis, Jeffery S.
机构
[1] Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA
[2] Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
[3] Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to the Veterinary Sciences, University of Liege, Liege
[4] Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agricultural University, Gembloux
[5] United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
[6] Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
关键词
HONEY-BEE HYMENOPTERA; APIS-MELLIFERA L; VARROA-DESTRUCTOR ACARI; DIVISION-OF-LABOR; FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY; NOSEMA-CERANAE; POLLEN AVAILABILITY; ECTOPARASITIC MITE; ACARAPIS-WOODI; APIDAE;
D O I
10.1371/journal.pone.0006481
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
Background: Over the last two winters, there have been large-scale, unexplained losses of managed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in the United States. In the absence of a known cause, this syndrome was named Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) because the main trait was a rapid loss of adult worker bees. We initiated a descriptive epizootiological study in order to better characterize CCD and compare risk factor exposure between populations afflicted by and not afflicted by CCD. Methods and Principal Findings: Of 61 quantified variables (including adult bee physiology, pathogen loads, and pesticide levels), no single measure emerged as a most-likely cause of CCD. Bees in CCD colonies had higher pathogen loads and were co-infected with a greater number of pathogens than control populations, suggesting either an increased exposure to pathogens or a reduced resistance of bees toward pathogens. Levels of the synthetic acaricide coumaphos (used by beekeepers to control the parasitic mite Varroa destructor) were higher in control colonies than CCD-affected colonies. Conclusions/Significance: This is the first comprehensive survey of CCD-affected bee populations that suggests CCD involves an interaction between pathogens and other stress factors. We present evidence that this condition is contagious or the result of exposure to a common risk factor. Potentially important areas for future hypothesis-driven research, including the possible legacy effect of mite parasitism and the role of honey bee resistance to pesticides, are highlighted.
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页数:17
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