Chemical and mineralogical characterisation of historic mortars in Ferrara (northeast Italy)

Chemical and mineralogical analyses were carried out on historical mortars from Ferrara to characterise the nature of the related raw materials. Results indicate (a) the binder homogeneity (CaCO3) confirming the widespread use of lime and (b) the remarkable heterogeneity of the silicoclastic skeleton, attesting heterogeneity of the fluvial sands available in the area. These data enable us to assign the distinct sand composition to the different rivers flowing in the Ferrara area. This investigation offers fresh insight into the historic building activity and related techniques and should provide knowledge useful for restoration and conservation processes. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.