[1] Univ Otago, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Publ Hlth, Wellington 6022, New Zealand
[2] Univ Otago, Fac Hlth Sci, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
[3] Univ Otago, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Surg & Anaesthesia, Wellington 6022, New Zealand
[4] North Shore Hosp, Dept Surg, Waitemata Dist Hlth Board, Auckland 0740, New Zealand
[5] Massey Univ, Ctr Publ Hlth Res, Wellington 6022, New Zealand
[6] Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Med Stat, London WC1E 7HT, England