Lipoprotein (a) Levels and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background Several studies have linked high Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) concentrations to cardiovascular events, including the formation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA). We review and meta-analyze existing evidence on the association of Lp(a) levels with AAA. Methods Studies evaluating the link of Lp(a) with AAA, up to December 27(th) 2021, were identified by a systematic search of PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases. The results were qualitatively and quantitatively synthesized according to PRISMA guidelines. Results are presented as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results A total of 5,078 subjects (1,637 patients with AAA vs. 3,441 controls) from 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis, with a mean age of 69.9 years and a male sex prevalence of 85.8%. Based on the qualitative synthesis, high Lp(a) concentrations are linked to abdominal aortic wall degradation and extracellular matrix disarrangement. Moreover, despite the considerable variability among races, high Lp(a) levels are related to increased AAA risk, independently of race differences. Accordingly, patients with AAA displayed significantly higher Lp(a) levels compared to controls (SMD: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.55-1.17, p < 0.001). The outcome was not affected in a sensitivity analysis excluding three outlying studies (SMD: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22-0.58, p < 0.001). Conclusion This meta-analysis indicates the association between high Lp(a) levels and the presence of AAA, although existing literature presents high heterogeneity. Further studies are needed to standardize Lp(a) measurements and to conclude whether Lp(a) can be used as a sensitive biomarker of early presymptomatic AAA diagnosis.