Sequence artefacts in a prospective series of formalin-fixed tumours tested for mutations in hotspot regions by massively parallel sequencing

被引:195
作者
Wong, Stephen Q. [1 ]
Li, Jason [2 ]
Tan, Angela Y-C [1 ]
Vedururu, Ravikiran [1 ]
Pang, Jia-Min B. [1 ,3 ]
Do, Hongdo [4 ]
Ellul, Jason [2 ]
Doig, Ken [2 ]
Bell, Anthony [1 ]
McArthur, Grant A. [5 ,6 ]
Fox, Stephen B. [1 ,3 ,5 ,6 ]
Thomas, David M. [5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ]
Fellowes, Andrew [1 ]
Parisot, John P. [5 ,6 ]
Dobrovic, Alexander [1 ,3 ,4 ,5 ]
机构
[1] Peter MacCallum Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, East Melbourne, Vic 3002, Australia
[2] Peter MacCallum Canc Ctr, Canc Res Div, East Melbourne, Vic 3002, Australia
[3] Univ Melbourne, Dept Pathol, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia
[4] Olivia Newton John Canc & Wellness Ctr, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, Translat Genom & Epigen Lab, Heidelberg, Vic 3084, Australia
[5] Univ Melbourne, Sir Peter MacCallum Dept Oncol, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia
[6] Peter MacCallum Canc Ctr, Div Canc Res, East Melbourne, Vic 3002, Australia
[7] Kinghorn Canc Ctr, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
[8] Garvan Inst, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
关键词
DNA; TISSUES; NRAS; MELANOMA; BREAST; DAMAGE;
D O I
10.1186/1755-8794-7-23
中图分类号
Q3 [遗传学];
学科分类号
071007 ; 090102 ;
摘要
Background: Clinical specimens undergoing diagnostic molecular pathology testing are fixed in formalin due to the necessity for detailed morphological assessment. However, formalin fixation can cause major issues with molecular testing, as it causes DNA damage such as fragmentation and non-reproducible sequencing artefacts after PCR amplification. In the context of massively parallel sequencing (MPS), distinguishing true low frequency variants from sequencing artefacts remains challenging. The prevalence of formalin-induced DNA damage and its impact on molecular testing and clinical genomics remains poorly understood. Methods: The Cancer 2015 study is a population-based cancer cohort used to assess the feasibility of mutational screening using MPS in cancer patients from Victoria, Australia. While blocks were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded in different anatomical pathology laboratories, they were centrally extracted for DNA utilising the same protocol, and run through the same MPS platform (Illumina TruSeq Amplicon Cancer Panel). The sequencing artefacts in the 1-10% and the 10-25% allele frequency ranges were assessed in 488 formalin-fixed tumours from the pilot phase of the Cancer 2015 cohort. All blocks were less than 2.5 years of age (mean 93 days). Results: Consistent with the signature of DNA damage due to formalin fixation, many formalin-fixed samples displayed disproportionate levels of C>T/G>A changes in the 1-10% allele frequency range. Artefacts were less apparent in the 10-25% allele frequency range. Significantly, changes were inversely correlated with coverage indicating high levels of sequencing artefacts were associated with samples with low amounts of available amplifiable template due to fragmentation. The degree of fragmentation and sequencing artefacts differed between blocks sourced from different anatomical pathology laboratories. In a limited validation of potentially actionable low frequency mutations, a NRAS G12D mutation in a melanoma was shown to be a false positive. Conclusions: These findings indicate that DNA damage following formalin fixation remains a major challenge in laboratories working with MPS. Methodologies that assess, minimise or remove formalin-induced DNA damaged templates as part of MPS protocols will aid in the interpretation of genomic results leading to better patient outcomes.
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