Municipal climate reporting: gaps in monitoring and implications for governance and action

For over two decades, municipal climate progress has been inventoried and analysed using a common reporting framework. While useful for highlighting the extent of municipal engagement in greenhouse gas mitigation efforts, we know little about how comprehensive this reporting framework is. Are municipal governments engaging in mitigation activities outside this framework? And what about climate adaptation activity for which no long-standing milestone reporting framework has existed? Based on results from a national survey of municipal governments in Canada, the paper reveals that municipal governments are engaged in many climate activities and processes that common inventories and reporting systems do not capture. The paper argues that these 'in between activities' - the not-yet counted climate actions that take place between and outside of milestone initiation and completion - have practical importance for future climate action and theoretical importance by complementing growing evidence about the nature of municipal climate activities and climate governance.