Surface modifications of bone implants through wet chemistry

Bone implants are widely used in orthopedics and dentistry to treat hard tissue disorders. The surfaces of implants are critical in determining their performances. Many techniques are used or are being developed to modify implant surfaces. Among the techniques, low temperature wet chemical methods present unique advantages. This review summaries current applications and research of low temperature wet chemical methods in modifying the surfaces of permanent and resorbable implants and the use of modified surfaces for local delivery of pharmaceuticals. Potential future developments and opportunities are also discussed in this review.