Effects of Gliricidia sepium on soil nutrients, microclimate and maize yield in an agroforestry system in semi-arid Paraiba, Brazil

Gliricidia sepium is a leguminous tree that has been used in alley cropping systems in the Northeastern semi-arid region of Brazil because of its good development under water stress conditions. However, little information is available on the effects of the introduction of this species into regional agroecosystems. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the distance of Gliricidia sepium plants on the characteristics of maize crop, soil properties and microclimate conditions in the semi-arid region of Paraiba, Brazil. The study was conducted in the Esperanga County, Paraiba State, Brazil., where G. sepium trees were planted on a 0.5 ha field in 1996. The spacing used was 6 m between rows and 1 m between plants within the rows. In 2002, four 48 m(2) plots were established within this field. Within each plot, three sampling positions were established: (1) under tree crowns in the rows (0 m); (2) 1 m apart from tree rows; and (3) 3 m apart from the tree rows. The experiment had a randomized block design with four replications. Litterfall dry matter amounted to 1.390 kg ha(-1) under the trees and decreased to 270 kg ha(-1) at a distance of 3 m from the trees. Soil P, K and light fraction of organic matter were significantly greater under the trees as compared to those between the tree rows. Soil and air monthly minimum temperature averages were not influenced by the distance from the trees. However, soil and air monthly maximum temperature averages were 6 and 2 degrees C lower under the trees, respectively. Soil moisture was significantly lower under the trees as compared to positions 1 and 3 m away from tree rows. Maize grain and straw yields as well as nutrient accumulation were higher under the trees and decreased with increasing the distance from the trees.