Effects of Irradiance and Temperature on the Photosynthesis of the Crustose Coralline Algae Pneophyllum fragile (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in the Coastal Waters of Korea

We investigated the photosynthetic characteristics of the crustose coralline alga Pneophyllum fragile (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) according to elevated water temperature and irradiance on the coast of Jeju in 2018. P. fragile was cultured under different temperature (11 degrees C, 21 degrees C, 26 degrees C, and 31 degrees C) and irradiance (0-1250 mu mol photon M-2 s(-1)) conditions. Oxygen (O-2) concentrations at the P. fragile mat-water interface (MWI) were measured using an O-2 microsensor. At the MWI, the diffusive boundary layer thicknesses ranged from 200 to 400 mu m. The O-2 concentrations at the mat surface increased in response to increasing irradiance, and reached 344% air saturation. The maximum photosynthesis capacity (P-max) and respiration rate in the dark (R-d) at 31 degrees C were about 3 times higher than those recorded at 11 degrees C. The compensation irradiance (E-c) and saturation irradiance (E-k) increased with increasing water temperature. The P-max , R-d, and E-c were statistically correlated with temperature (p < 0.05). The E-k increased up to 833 mu mol photon M-2 S-1 at 31 degrees C and exhibited a strong dependence on irradiance at high temperatures. The adaptability of P. fragile to high temperatures and strong irradiance was distinct from that observed for coralline algae in other temperate waters.