Ultra-robust triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting rotary mechanical energy

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for harvesting rotary mechanical energy are mostly based on in-plane sliding or free-standing mode. However, the relative displacement between two contacting triboelectric layers causes abrasion, which lowers the output power and reduces service life. Therefore, it is important to develop a method to minimize abrasion when harvesting rotary mechanical energy. Here, we report a scale-like structured TENG (SL-TENG), in which two triboelectric layers work under a contact-separation mode to avoid in-plane relative sliding in order to minimize abrasion. As a result, the SL-TENG exhibits outstanding robustness. For example, the output voltage of the SL-TENG does not exhibit any measurable decay although this output has been continuously generated through more than a million cycles. Moreover, at a very low rotation rate of 120 rpm, the SL-TENG can generate a maximum short-circuit current of 78 mu A, delivering an instantaneous power density of 2.54 W/m(2) to an external load. In relation to this, a Li-ion battery was charged using the SL-TENG. After a 30-min charging time, the battery achieved a discharge capacity of 0.1 mAh. Through a power management circuit integrated into the SL-TENG, a continuous direct current (DC) of 5 V is outputted, providing sufficient DC power for driving a radio-frequency wireless sensor and other conventional electronics.