Poly(ethylene glycol)-induced fusion and destabilization of human plasma high-density lipoproteins

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are macromolecular complexes of specific proteins and lipids that mediate the removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues. Chemical unfolding revealed that HDL fusion and rupture are the two main kinetic steps in HDL denaturation. Here we test the hypothesis that lipid fusogens such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) may promote lipoprotein fusion and rupture and thereby destabilize HDL. We analyze thermal disruption of spherical HDL in 0-15% PEG-8000 by calorimetric, spectroscopic, electron microscopic, and light scattering techniques. We demonstrate that the two irreversible high-temperature endothermic HDL transitions involve particle enlargement and show a heating rate dependence characteristic of kinetically controlled reactions with high activation energy. The first calorimetric transition reflects HDL fusion and dissociation of lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1), and the second transition reflects HDL rupture and release of the apolar lipid core. Neither transition involves substantial protein unfolding; thus, the transition heat originates from lipid and/or protein dissociation and repacking. At room temperature, PEG-8000 induces HDL fusion that is distinct from the heat-, denaturant-, or enzyme-induced fusion since it leads to formation of larger particles and does not involve apoA-1 dissociation. Increasing the PEG concentration in solution from 0 to 15% leads to low-temperature shifts by approximately -18degreesC in the two calorimetric HDL transitions without altering their nature. Thus, consistent with our hypothesis, PEG-8000 induces fusion and reduces the thermal stability of HDL. Our results suggest that PEG is useful for the analysis of the molecular events involved in metabolic HDL remodeling and fusion.