An efficient adaptive procedure for three-dimensional fragmentation Simulations

We present a simple set of data structures, and a collection of methods for constructing and updating the structures, designed to support the use of cohesive elements in simulations of fracture and fragmentation. Initially, all interior faces in the triangulation are perfectly coherent, i.e. conforming in the usual finite element sense. Cohesive elements are inserted adaptively at interior faces when the effective traction acting on those faces reaches the cohesive strength of the material. The insertion (if cohesive elements changes the geometry of the boundary and, frequently, the topology of the model as well. The data structures and methods presented here are straightforward to implement, and enable the efficient tracking of complex fracture and fragmentation processes. The efficiency and versatility of the approach is demonstrated with the aid of two examples of application to dynamic fracture.