Kisspeptin mediates the photoperiodic control of reproduction in hamsters

The KiSS-1 gene encodes kisspeptin, the endogenous ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR54 [1-4]. Recent data indicate that the KiSS-1/GPR54 system is critical for the regulation of reproduction and is required for puberty onset [5-10]. In seasonal breeders, reproduction is tightly controlled by photoperiod (i.e., day length) [11, 12]. The Syrian hamster is a seasonal model in which reproductive activity is promoted by long summer days (LD) and inhibited by short winter days (SD) [12-14]. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we show that KiSS-1 is expressed in the arcuate nucleus of LD hamsters. Importantly, the KiSS-1 mRNA level was lower in SD animals but not in SD-refractory animals, which spontaneously reactivated their sexual activity after several months in SD. These changes of expression are not secondary to the photoperiodic variations of gonadal steroids. In contrast, melatonin appears to be necessary for these seasonal changes because pineal-gland ablation prevented the SD-induced downregulation of KiSS-1 expression. Remarkably, a chronic administration of kisspeptin-10 restored the testicular activity of SD hamsters despite persisting photoinhibitory conditions. Overall, these findings are consistent with a role of KiSS-1/GPR54 in the seasonal control of reproduction. We propose that photoperiod, via melatonin, modulates KISS-1 signaling to drive the reproductive axis.