Air-sea CO2 exchange process in the southern Yellow Sea in April of 2011, and June, July, October of 2012

The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO(2)) and air-sea CO2 exchange flux (FCO2) in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS, 120-125 degrees E, 31.5-37 degrees N) were investigated basing on the field surveys conducted in April of 2011, and June, July, October of 2012. With significant spatial variations, surface pCO(2) ranged from 243 to 574 mu atm, 206 to 620 mu atm, 102 to 655 mu atm and 328 to 557 mu atm in April, June, July and October, respectively. Nearshore area of Shandong Peninsula and Jiangsu Shallow (depth <50 m) were pCO(2)-supersaturated (pCO(2)=400-600 mu atm), as the result of intensive water mixing which brought the bottom CO2-rich water to the surface layer. Conversely, offshore area of SYS center (depth > 50 m) was pCO(2)-undersaturated (pCO(2) < 390 mu atm) in April, June and October, but supersaturated in July. Phytoplankton production sustained by abundant nutrient and suitable hydrodynamic conditions was of great importance for this undersaturated pCO(2). Moreover, extreme low pCO(2) (pCO(2) < 300 mu atm) was observed in the Changjiang plume (32.5-33.5 degrees N, 123-125 degrees E) in July, which was also related with the biological uptake of CO2. Average air-sea CO2 exchange flux of the SYS in April, June, July and October was -3.16 +/- 0.40 mmol m(-2) d(-1), -4.56 +/- 034 mmol m(-2) d(-1), -0.36 +/- 0.51 mmol m(-2) d(-1), and 6.67 +/- 0.57mmol m(-2) d(-1), respectively. As a whole, the SYS behaved as a weak CO2 sink during April to October, with an average flux for about -0.35 mmol m(-2) d(-1). As for the controlling factors for pCO(2) variation, temperature played the dominant role in October, whereas the non-temperature factors, such as vertical mixing, Changjiang plume and biological activity, were considered as the primary controlling factors in June and July. Spatially, the control of temperature on pCO(2) was predominant in the offshore SYS; the non-temperature factors were predominant in the shallow nearshore area, especially in coast of Shandong Peninsula and the Jiangsu Shallow. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.