A three-dimensional hydrostratigraphic model of the Waterloo Moraine area, southern Ontario, Canada

Aquifers of the Waterloo Moraine play a key role as the main source of drinking water for the Region of Waterloo. For the effective management of this water source, a sound understanding of the aquifers contained within and below the Moraine is essential. Critical knowledge required for this understanding includes the definition of the sediment facies distribution, architectural elements and geological origin of the Quaternary-aged deposits. A basin analysis approach has been applied to geologic data collection and interpretation to unravel the paleogeographic history of the study area and to provide a predictive framework for understanding its geological variability. Coarse (sand and gravel) sediment within the Waterloo Moraine was deposited during a series of high-energy meltwater discharge events from several sediment input corridors (eskers), into a deep, large, ice-supported glacial lake. This depositional setting led to a complex three-dimensional architecture comprising sand-gravel and mud units that are increasingly interbedded away from the multidirectional influx sources around the perimeter of the Moraine. A recently completed digital, three-dimensional geologic model of the area provides details of the various geological units that help refine the understanding of the hydrostratigraphy. This information has improved the understanding of groundwater flow (including interaction between surface and groundwaters) and has provided valuable information critical for source water protection. Information on the distribution, thickness, geometry and properties of these units has resulted in a better understanding of the potential linkages between near-surface recharge areas and deep aquifers across the region. This geological information is important in developing predictive models, for example, determining the location of high transmissivity zones within the moraine. Derivative products such as aquifer vulnerability and recharge maps may help inform policy makers in developing land use and nutrient management plans in the vicinity of well fields and sensitive lands.