Population pharmacokinetics, safety and dosing optimization of voriconazole in patients with liver dysfunction: A prospective observational study

Aims Voriconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. There is limited information about the pharmacokinetics and appropriate dosage of voriconazole in patients with liver dysfunction. This study aimed to explore the relationship between voriconazole trough concentration (C-trough) and toxicity, identify the factors significantly associated with voriconazole pharmacokinetic parameters and propose an optimised voriconazole dosing regimen for patients with liver dysfunction. Methods The study prospectively enrolled 51 patients with 272 voriconazole concentrations. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to explore the relationship between voriconazole C-trough and toxicity. The pharmacokinetic data was analysed with nonlinear mixed-effects method. Dosing simulations stratified by total bilirubin (TBIL, TBIL-1: TBIL < 51 mu mol/L; TBIL-2: 51 mu mol/L <= TBIL < 171 mu mol/L; TBIL-3: TBIL >= 171 mu mol/L) were performed. Results Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that voriconazole C-trough of <= 5.1 mg/L were associated with significantly lower the incidence of adverse events. A 1-compartment pharmacokinetic model with first-order absorption and elimination was used to describe the data. Population pharmacokinetic parameters of clearance, volume of distribution and oral bioavailability were 0.88 L/h, 148.8 L and 88.4%, respectively. Voriconazole clearance was significantly associated with TBIL and platelet count. The volume of distribution increased with body weight. Patients with TBIL-1 could be treated with a loading dose of 400 mg every 12 hours (q12h) for first day, followed by a maintenance dose of 100 mg q12h administered orally or intravenously. TBIL-2 and TBIL-3 patients could be treated with a loading dose of 200 mg q12h and maintenance doses of 50 mg q12h or 100 mg once daily and 50 mg once daily orally or intravenously, respectively. Conclusions Lower doses and longer dosing intervals should be considered for patients with liver dysfunction. TBIL-based dosing regimens provide a practical strategy for achieving voriconazole therapeutic range and therefore maximizing treatment outcomes.