Protein Digests and Pure Peptides from Chia Seed Prevented Adipogenesis and Inflammation by Inhibiting PPARγ and NF-κB Pathways in 3T3L-1 Adipocytes

The objective was to evaluate the mechanisms of digested total proteins (DTP), albumin, glutelin, and pure peptides from chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) to prevent adipogenesis and its associated inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Preadipocytes (3T3-L1) were treated during differentiation with either DTP or digested albumin or glutelin (1 mg/mL) or pure peptides NSPGPHDVALDQ and RMVLPEYELLYE (100 mu M). Differentiated adipocytes also received DTP, digested albumin or glutelin (1 mg/mL), before (prevention) or after (inhibition) induced inflammation by addition of conditioned medium (CM) from inflamed macrophages. All treatments prevented adipogenesis, reducing more than 50% the expression of PPAR gamma and to a lesser extent lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), lipase activity and triglycerides. Inflammation induced by CM was reduced mainly during prevention, while DTP decreased expression of NF-kappa B (-48.4%), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (-46.2%) and COX-2 (-64.5%), p < 0.05. Secretions of nitric oxide, PGE2 and TNF alpha were reduced by all treatments, p < 0.05. DTP reduced expressions of iNOS (-52.1%) and COX-2 (-66.4%). Furthermore, digested samples and pure peptides prevented adipogenesis by modulating PPAR gamma and additionally, preventing and even inhibiting inflammation in adipocytes by inhibition of PPAR gamma and NF-kappa B expression. These results highlight the effectiveness of digested total proteins and peptides from chia seed against adipogenesis complications in vitro.