Effect of in-season application methods of fertilizer nitrogen on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in maize

Ma, B. L., Li, M., Dwyer, L. M. and Stewart, G. 2004. Effect of in-season application methods of fertilizer nitrogen on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in maize. Can J. Soil Sci. 84: 169-176. Little information is available comparing agronomic performance and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for N application methods such as foliar spray, soil application, and ear injection in maize (Zea mays L.). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various N application methods on total stover dry matter, grain yield, and NUE of maize hybrids using a N-15-labeling approach. A field experiment was conducted on a Dalhousie clay loam in Ottawa and a Guelph loam in Guelph for 2 yr (1999 and 2000). Three N application methods were tested on two maize hybrids, Pioneer 3893 and Pioneer 38P06 Bt. At planting, 60 kg N ha(-1) as ammonium nitrate was applied to all treatments. In addition, 6.5 kg N ha(-1) and 13.5 kg N ha(-1) as N-15-labeled urea were applied to either foliage (Treatment I) or soil (Treatment H) at V6 and V12 stages, respectively. In Treatment III, 20 kg N ha(-1) as N-15-labeled urea was injected into space between ear and husks at silking. The results showed-that compared with soil N application neither foliar spray nor injection through ear affected grain yield or stover dry matter. The NUE values ranged from 12 to 76% for N fertilizer applied at V6 and V12 stages, or at silking for all treatments. There was no interaction of hybrid x N application methods on any variables measured with the only exception that for soil N application, grain NUE in Pioneer 38P06 Bt was significant higher than in Pioneer 3893. The difference in total N and NUE of grain and stover between soil N application and foliar N spray was inconsistent. However, NUE was substantially higher for N injection through the ear than for foliar or soil application without differential responses between the two hybrids. Nitrogen injection through the ear at silking might have altered N redistribution within the plant and improved NUE. Hence, it can potentially enhance grain protein content. Foliar N spray is not advocated for maize production in Ontario.