Synergistic use of typical agricultural and industrial by-products for ternary cement: A pathway for locally available resource utilisation

Use of ternary binders in concrete is gaining importance in modern construction practices due to their superior performance and synergistic benefits from various supplementary cementitious materials. As the global production of industrial and agricultural products is continuously increasing, the disposal of agro-wastes and industrial by-products becomes a primary concern due to stringent environmental restrictions. A comprehensive review on the combined use of industrial by-products with locally available agro-wastes for the ternary cement production is limited. Hence, this paper focuses on the systematic review on the synergistic utilisation of industrial and agricultural by-products available in the proximity of cement plants for the production of ternary binders. The current study comprehends the physical, chemical, mineralogical, morphological and pozzolanic properties of these by-products. Moreover, the paper presents the influence of different ternary blends on fresh, hardened and durability properties of the cementitious system with various combination of industrial and agricultural byproducts. Besides, the review addresses the feasibility of combined use of these by-products in alkali activator binder. Based on a detailed review, the comparable performance of ternary blends with respect to conventional binders is also highlighted. A framework for synergistic use of industrial and agricultural wastes for the cleaner production of sustainable ternary cement is proposed and directions for further research studies are recommended. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.