Bending forces plastically deform growing bacterial cell walls

被引:102
作者
Amir, Ariel [1 ]
Babaeipour, Farinaz [2 ,3 ,4 ]
McIntosh, Dustin B. [3 ,4 ]
Nelson, David R. [1 ,2 ]
Jun, Suckjoon [2 ,3 ,4 ]
机构
[1] Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
[2] Harvard Univ, Fac Arts & Sci, Ctr Syst Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
[3] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
[4] Univ Calif San Diego, Mol Biol Sect, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
cell shape; dislocation; defects; peptidoglycan; elasticity; GROWTH; MECHANICS; STIFFNESS; SHAPE;
D O I
10.1073/pnas.1317497111
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
Cell walls define a cell's shape in bacteria. The walls are rigid to resist large internal pressures, but remarkably plastic to adapt to a wide range of external forces and geometric constraints. Currently, it is unknown how bacteria maintain their shape. In this paper, we develop experimental and theoretical approaches and show that mechanical stresses regulate bacterial cell wall growth. By applying a precisely controllable hydrodynamic force to growing rod-shaped Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis cells, we demonstrate that the cells can exhibit two fundamentally different modes of deformation. The cells behave like elastic rods when subjected to transient forces, but deform plastically when significant cell wall synthesis occurs while the force is applied. The deformed cells always recover their shape. The experimental results are in quantitative agreement with the predictions of the theory of dislocation-mediated growth. In particular, we find that a single dimensionless parameter, which depends on a combination of independently measured physical properties of the cell, can describe the cell's responses under various experimental conditions. These findings provide insight into how living cells robustly maintain their shape under varying physical environments.
引用
收藏
页码:5778 / 5783
页数:6
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