Perfluorooctanoic acid enhances colorectal cancer DLD-1 cells invasiveness through activating NF-κB mediated matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 expression

Objective: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is widely used in consumer products and detected in human serum. Our study meant to elucidate the uncovered molecular mechanisms underlying the PFOA induced colorectal cancer cell DLD-1 invasion and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) expression. Methods and results: Trans-well filter assay appeared that PFOA treatment stimulated DLD-1 cells invasion significantly. Meanwhile, the results of luciferase reporter, quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, and gelatin zymography showed that PFOA induced MMP-2/-9 expression and enzyme activation levels consistently (P < 0.05 each). Subsequently, western blotting and immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that PFOA could enhance nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappa B) activity by stimulating NF-kappa B translocation into nuclear in DLD-1 cells. Furthermore, JSH-23, a well-known NF-kappa B inhibitor, could reverse the PFOA induced colorectal cancer cell invasion and MMP-2/-9 expression. Conclusions: Our study confirmed that PFOA could induce colorectal cancer cell DLD-1 invasive ability and MMP-2/-9 expression through activating NF-kappa B, which deserves more concerns on environmental pollutant-resulted public health risk.