Fabrication and cytocompatibility of spherical magnesium ammonium phosphate granules

Magnesium phosphate compounds, as for example struvite (MgNH4PO4 center dot 6H(2)O), have comparable characteristics to calcium phosphate bone substitutes, but degrade faster under physiological conditions. In the present work, we used a struvite forming calcium doped magnesium phosphate cement with the formulation Ca0.75Mg2.25(PO4)(2) and an ammonium phosphate containing aqueous solution to produce round-shaped granules. For the fabrication of spherical granules, the cement paste was dispersed in a lipophilic liquid and stabilized by surfactants. The granules were characterized with respect to morphology, size distribution, phase composition, compressive strength, biocompatibility and solubility. In general, it was seen that small granules can hardly be produced by means of emulsification, when the raw material is a hydraulic paste, because long setting times promote coalescence of initially small unhardened cement droplets. Here, this problem was solved by using an aqueous solution containing both the secondary (NH4)(2)HPO4 and primary ammonium phosphates NH4H2PO4 to accelerate the setting reaction. This resulted in granules with 97 wt.% having a size in the range between 200 and 1000 mu m. The novel solution composition doubled the compressive strength of the cement to 37 +/- 5 MPa without affecting either the conversion to struvite or the cytocompatibility using human fetal osteoblasts. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.