An in situ operando MEMS platform for characterization of Li-ion battery electrodes

This paper presents an in situ operando approach that allows characterization of lithium-ion battery electrodes. A MEMS sensor is designed and integrated with a commercially available Raman spectroscope to enable monitoring the stress and structural changes in the electrodes. An interferometric method with an enhanced image processing algorithm is applied for analyzing the crystal phase-dependent stress changes - contributing to higher sensitivity compared to a previously reported technique - while the structural changes are monitored using Raman spectroscopy. New capabilities of our platform are highlighted, allowing visual observation of crystal phase-dependent structural changes in the electrode. Simultaneous characterization of the stress and structural changes are achieved concurrently in situ operando. The results show excellent agreement with previous literature reports on both phenomena.