Synthesis, Structure, and Complexation Properties of Partially and Completely Reduced meso-Octamethylporphyrinogens (Calix[4]pyrroles)

(Figure Presented) New tricks for an old dog: Calixpyrroles bind anions efficiently and can be transformed into transition-metal complexes only under forcing conditions. Reducing the macrocycle creates a ligand that easily forms classical Werner complexes with copper, nickel, and palladium ions. The metal complexes present an array of four directed hydrogen bonds, which specifically bind the counterions (see picture; blue N, white H, green Cl, red Cu, Ni, or Pd). © 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.