Use of a waste product from the pressing of chia seed oil in wheat and gluten-free bread processing

The aim of the paper was to evaluate the effect of a waste product from the pressing of chia seed oil on wheat and gluten-free bread baking. The bread quality (pH, volume, color, texture, and sensory properties), polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity were determined. Chia seeds and chia seed waste, which have fat contents of 6 and 15%, respectively, were added at a level of 5%. The addition of the chia waste and seeds to the wheat bread was found to increase the bread volume with no deterioration in its sensory qualities. Higher sensory quality was obtained for gluten-free bread prepared with chia seeds and waste. These materials resulted in a darkening of the crumb of the wheat and gluten-free breads. The contents of polyphenols and antioxidant activities were higher in the breads supplemented with the chia waste and seeds than in the control sample in the cases of both the wheat and gluten-free breads. Practical applications Similar to whole seeds, a waste product from chia seed oil pressing can also be used in the production of wheat and gluten-free bread. The bread crumb hardness is one of the most frequently determined parameters in the evaluation of bread texture. It was observed that, compared with the control, the addition of the ground chia seeds and waste resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the hardness of the wheat and gluten-free breads. Chia seed waste, that is, a by-product of oil pressing, can be regarded as a valuable technological additive in bakery products, and this material will increase the assortment and enhance the attractiveness of wheat and gluten-free breads. As a source of polyphenols, this waste from chia seeds can be a valuable functional food additive.