Label-free manipulation via the magneto-Archimedes effect: fundamentals, methodology and applications

In recent years, there has been an increase in the class of methods and technologies in magnetic manipulation. The magneto-Archimedes effect, a less intuitive way to direct nonmagnetic matter without binding it to magnetic particles, has emerged as the preferred candidate for the label-free manipulation of inanimate and living matter at the macroscale and microscale. Also, due to its simplicity, low cost, broad applicability and potential biocompatibility, a sudden burst of technological advances has been demonstrated for both non-microfluidic and microfluidic manipulations. This review introduces the theoretical basis of label-free manipulation by distinguishing magnetic matter and magnetic media. A state-of-the-art review is presented on manipulation techniques, ranging from levitation to orientation, separation, trapping, and self-assembly in 3D at both the macroscale and microscale. Finally, it is concluded with a brief outlook and future perspectives.