Internal Pressure of Liquids and Solutions

The internal pressure describes the change in the energy on incremental isothermal expansion where the intermolecular distances increase slightly without major disruption of the attractive forces between the molecules. This view, then, accounts for the very small n values for the highly hydrogen-bonded water and hydrogen fluoride and the small n values for alkanols and other protic liquids as well as aprotic dipolar liquids with large dipole moments. A large number of other binary systems have been studied over the years by noting their internal pressures as functions of the compositions, those presented above being just representative examples. Reactions proceeding in solution are affected by many factors, and the authors have searched the most effective ones in order to promote the favorable outcome of the reactions in terms of their rates or the nature of the products.