Integrated observing systems: An approach to studying harmful algal blooms in south Florida

The Indian River Lagoon (IRL) is a large and complex barrier island estuary on Florida's East coast. The system is also one of the nation's most biologically diverse, a major spawning and nursery ground for numerous species of fish and shellfish, and home to significant populations of dolphins and manatees. Ocean observing systems can play an integral role in evaluating the effects of both natural (e.g. climate change) and anthropogenic impacts (e.g. nutrient pollution) on such a complex system. In this paper we present an integrated multidisciplinary approach to studying the recurrent large-scale harmful algal bloom (HAB) events that have threatened both the ecological and economic stability of the IRL and represent a significant public health hazard. Due to the complex biological, chemical and physical interactions associated with IRL HABs, the integration of classical observing methodology, such as phytoplankton surveys, with real-time water quality monitoring, innovative technology, and biological sentinels, is essential. The open sharing of data for research, education and public engagement is another key component of our approach. There are multiple stakeholders and end users that rely on these efforts to understand HAB dynamics in a unique marine system.