Satellite and ground-based monitoring of smoke in the atmosphere during the summer wildfires in European Russia in 2010 and Siberia in 2012

Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (Aqua and Terra satellites) and in situ observations, a comparative analysis of two large-scale smoke events caused by the summer wildfires in European Russia (ER) in 2010 and Western Siberia (WS) in 2012 was carried out. In the 5-day periods of the extreme smoke pollution (5-9 August 2010 in ER and 27-31 July 2012 in WS), the number of active fires in the equal territories, confined by the coordinates 47 degrees -65 degrees N, 25 degrees -55 degrees E and 51 degrees -70 degrees N, 71 degrees -104 degrees E, was found to be 4754 for ER and 3823 for WS. With this, the regional mean aerosol optical depths (AODs) were found to be (1.02 +/- 0.02) and (1.00 +/- 0.04), not much differing for both the events. The regional mean aerosol radiative forcing effects at the top (R-1) and the bottom (R-2) of the atmosphere over ER/WS according to MODIS observations were estimated to be (-61 +/- 1) and (-54 +/- 2) W m(-2), and (-107 +/- 2) and (-96 +/- 3) W m(-2), respectively. At the same time, the local values of AOD and the local absolute values of R-1 and R-2 over WS were considerably higher than those over ER. MODIS AOD (L3) data during the wildfires of 2010 were validated by AOD data obtained by the sun-sky photometer CIMEL, operating at the AERONET station Zvenigorod. The rates of radiative heating of the smoky atmosphere over ER and WS were also estimated and compared with the existed temperature anomalies, obtained using National Centers for Environmental Prediction National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data. Optical and microphysical properties of smoke aerosols during the wildfires in ER and WS also revealed some similar characteristics. The aerosols were mostly found in the submicron- size fraction and characterized by very high single-scattering albedos (0.95-0.98). In the dense smoke conditions, the degree of linear polarization at the scattering angle 90 degrees during both the events decreased to negative values ranging between -0.1 and -0.15. The optical properties of smoke aerosols were mainly conditioned by unusually narrow particle size distribution.