Patent rights and trade: Analysis of biological products, medicinals and botanicals, and pharmaceuticals

This article analyzes the effects of foreign patent rights on U.S, bilateral exports. The empirical analysis covers three highly disaggregated drug industries over three decades. We estimate bilateral trade equations for each industry using cross-country data on the strength of national patent rights, The findings show that strong foreign patent rights enhance the market power of U.S. drug exporters across countries with weak imitative abilities. Alternatively, strong foreign patent rights stimulate the market expansion of U.S, drug exports across countries with strong imitative abilities. These effects are larger in magnitude during the 1980-90s relative to the 1970s.