3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(4-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-A-pentenonitrile monohydrogen citrate and related analogs - Reversible, competitive, first half-reaction squalene synthetase inhibitors

Squalene synthetase (SQS) catalyzes the head-to-head condensation of two molecules of famesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to form squalene. The reaction is unique when compared with those of other FPP-utilizing enzymes, and proceeds in two distinct steps, both of which involve carbocationic reaction intermediates. In this report, we describe the mechanism of action of, and structure-activity relationships within, a series of substituted diethylaminoethoxystilbenes that mimic these reaction intermediates, through characterization of the biochemical properties of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-A-pentenonitrile monohydrogen citrate (P-3622) and related analogs. As a representative member of this series, P-3622 inhibited SQS reversibly and competitively with respect to FPP (K-i = 0.7 mu M), inhibited the enzymatic first half-reaction to the same extent as the overall reaction, exhibited a 300-fold specificity for SQS inhibition relative to protein famesyltransferase inhibition, inhibited cholesterol synthesis in rat primary hepatocytes (IC50 = 0.8 mu M), in cultured human cells (Hep-G2, CaCo-2, and IM-9; IC50 = 0.2, 1.2, and 1.0 mu M), and in chow-fed hamsters (62% at 100 mg/kg) without accumulation of post-squalene sterol precursors, and reduced plasma cholesterol in experimental animals. Structure-activity relationships among 72 related analogs suggest that the phenyl residues and central trans-olefin of the stilbene moiety serve as mimics of the three isoprene units of the donor FPP, that substitutions across the central olefin and para-substitutions on the terminal phenyl residue mimic the branching methyl groups of the donor FPP, and that the diethylaminoethoxy moiety of these molecules mimics the various carbocations that develop in the C1-C3 region of the acceptor FPP during reaction. Members of this series of reversible, competitive, first half-reaction SQS inhibitors that show a high degree of specificity for SQS inhibition relative to inhibition of other FPP-utilizing enzymes and other cholesterol synthesis pathway enzymes may serve as useful tools for probing the unique catalytic mechanisms of this important enzyme. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.