The fear and exuberance from implied volatility of S&P 100 index options

I study the relation between option traders' risk perception and contemporaneous market conditions. Risk perception tends to increase when downside volatility increases more than upside volatility. The risk-return relation is asymmetric and nonlinear, best described as a downward-sloping reclined S-curve. That prior gains appear to have some mitigating effect on the fear of loss relative to prior losses points to a "house money" effect. Broader market conditions influence the perception of risk in a manner consistent with the "keeping up with the Joneses" effect. Leverage is a weak explanation for the risk-return relation.