Electrochemical sensors for cortisol detections: Almost there

Mostly known as "the stress hormone", cortisol has many essential functions in humans due to its involvement in regulation of blood pressure, immune system, metabolism of protein, carbohydrate, adipose, and anti-inflammatory action. Since a right cortisol balance is essential for human health, many efforts are currently being made to monitor the cortisol level in the human body. Cortisol levels are usually monitored in blood, plasma, serum, oral fluid, sweat, and hair samples through immunochemical and analytical methods, but in the last decade, electrochemical measurements are proving to be reliable techniques for cortisol quantification in biological matrices with the advantages of a fast response by portable and wearable devices. This review gathers the most recent developments and works on elec-trochemical sensors for cortisol detection, highlighting their high technology maturity and potential for clinical applications. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.