High-resolution imaging of dust shells by using Keck aperture masking and the IOTA interferometer

We present first results of an experiment to combine data from Keck aperture masking and the Infrared-Optical Telescope Array to image the circumstellar environments of evolved stars with similar to20 mas resolution. The unique combination of excellent Fourier coverage at short baselines and high-quality long-baseline fringe data allows us to determine the location and clumpiness of the innermost hot dust in the envelopes and to measure the diameters of the underlying stars themselves. We find evidence for large-scale inhomogeneities in some dust shells and also significant deviations from uniform brightness for the photospheres of the most evolved M stars. Deviations from spherically symmetric mass loss in the red supergiant NML Cyg could be related to recent evidence for dynamically important magnetic fields and/or stellar rotation. We point out that dust shell asymmetries, like those observed here, can qualitatively explain the difficulty recent workers have had in simultaneously fitting the broadband spectral energy distributions and high-resolution spatial information, without invoking unusual dust properties or multiple distinct shells (from hypothetical "superwinds''). This paper is the first to combine optical interferometry data from multiple facilities for imaging, and we discuss the challenges and potential for the future of this method, given current calibration and software limitations.