Hecogenin Acetate Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence in the A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Line

Cellular and molecular mechanisms related to lung cancer have been extensively studied in recent years, but the availability of effective treatments is still scarce. Hecogenin acetate, a natural saponin presenting a wide spectrum of reported pharmacological activities, has been previously evaluated for its anticancer/antiproliferative activity in some in vivo and in vitro models. Here, we investigated the effects of hecogenin acetate in a human lung cancer cell line. A549 non-small lung cancer cells were exposed to different concentrations of hecogenin acetate and reactive species production, ERK1/2 activation, matrix metalloproteinase expression, cell cycle arrest and cell senescence parameters were evaluated. Hecogenin acetate significantly inhibited increase in intracellular reactive species production induced by H2O2. In addition, hecogenin acetate blocked ERK1/2 phosphorylation and inhibited the increase in MMP-2 caused by H2O2. Treatment with hecogenin acetate induced G(0)/G(1)-phase arrest at two concentrations (75 and 100 mu M, 74% and 84.3% respectively), and increased the staining of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase positive cells. These data indicate that hecogenin acetate is able to exert anti-cancer effects by modulating reactive species production, inducing cell cycle arrest and senescence and also modulating ERK1/2 phosphorylation and MMP-2 production.