Midterm Results of Endovascular Treatment for Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome from a Single Center

Background: The efficacy of endovascular interventional treatment for iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS) is not well studied. The purpose of our study was to investigate the clinical outcome of endovascular interventional treatment for IVCS. Methods: Data of 68 patients with IVCS, who underwent interventional treatment in our hospital, were analyzed retrospectively. Among these patients, 46 had lower extremity varicose veins. Sixty-five patients underwent stent implantation, and 3 patients underwent simple balloon angioplasty. Fourteen patients had post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) and 11 patients had acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Among these 14 patients with PTS, 12 underwent stent implantation and 2 underwent iliac venous simple balloon angioplasty. On the other hand, 9 of the 11 patients with DVT underwent catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) and then stent implantation. Of the remaining 2 patients, one underwent Angiojet Rheolytic thrombectomy (ART) before CDT and the other underwent CDT with simple balloon angioplasty. The stenosis rate of iliac vein and the circumference differences between the affected limb and healthy one were measured before and after operation. These patients were followed up with duplex ultrasound postoperatively. Results: A total of 75 stents were placed in 65 patients. The diameter and the length of stent were 6 to 14 mm (mean 12.5 +/- 2.0 mm) and 40 to 260 mm (mean 82.5 +/- 36.9 mm), respectively. CDT with/without ART was performed, using urokinase and/or alteplase, after inferior vena cava filtration in all of 11 patients with DVT, without the recurrence of pulmonary embolism. The difference in iliac venous stenosis was statistically significant ([91.2% +/- 8.4%] [70.0% similar to 100.0%] vs. 3.9% +/- 13.0% [0 similar to 70.0%], P < 0.01). The patency rates at 1-, 3-, 6-months, 1 year, and 2 years were 98.5%, 95.6%, 94.1%, 92.4%, and 90.7%, respectively. Four patients (5.9%) suffered from minor bleeding at puncture point and were successfully treated with compression. However, 1 (1.5%) patient underwent stent implantation of right iliac vein that became complicated due to migration of stent to the right ventricle which was successfully arrested by Amplatz Goose Neck Snare Kit. The incidence of PTS was 10.3% (7/68) during the follow-up at 1 to 24 (mean 18.2 +/- 7.7) months. Conclusions: Interventional therapy for patients of IVCS is safe and effective. Satisfactory outcomes were obtained for stent placement for IVCS.