The lack of an adequate therapy for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) contributes greatly to the continuous growing amount of papers and reviews, reflecting the important efforts made by scientists in this field. It is well known that AD is the most common cause of dementia, and up-to-date there is no prevention therapy and no cure for the disease, which contrasts with the enormous efforts put on the task. On the other hand many aspects of AD are currently debated or even unknown. This review offers a view of the current state of knowledge about AD which includes more relevant findings and processes that take part in the disease; it also shows more relevant past, present and future research on therapeutic drugs taking into account the new paradigm "Multi-Target-Directed Ligands" (MTDLs). In our opinion, this paradigm will lead from now on the research toward the discovery of better therapeutic solutions, not only in the case of AD but also in other complex diseases. This review highlights the strategies followed by now, and focuses other emerging targets that should be taken into account for the future development of new MTDLs. Thus, the path followed in this review goes from the pathology and the processes involved in AD to the strategies to consider in on-going and future researches.
机构:
Zhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 311402, Zhejiang, Peoples R China
Zhejiang Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, Peoples R ChinaZhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 311402, Zhejiang, Peoples R China
Cheng, Gang
Xu, Ping
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Zhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 311402, Zhejiang, Peoples R ChinaZhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 311402, Zhejiang, Peoples R China
Xu, Ping
Zhang, Minkui
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Zhejiang Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, Peoples R ChinaZhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 311402, Zhejiang, Peoples R China
Zhang, Minkui
Chen, Jing
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Zhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 311402, Zhejiang, Peoples R ChinaZhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 311402, Zhejiang, Peoples R China
Chen, Jing
Sheng, Rong
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Zhejiang Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, Peoples R ChinaZhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 311402, Zhejiang, Peoples R China
Sheng, Rong
Ma, Yongmin
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Zhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 311402, Zhejiang, Peoples R ChinaZhejiang Chinese Med Univ, Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Hangzhou 311402, Zhejiang, Peoples R China
机构:
Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Med & Nat Prod Chem Res Ctr, Shiraz, IranShiraz Univ Med Sci, Med & Nat Prod Chem Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
Haghighijoo, Zahra
Akrami, Sara
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Univ Tehran, Coll Sci, Sch Chem, POB 14155-6455, Tehran, IranShiraz Univ Med Sci, Med & Nat Prod Chem Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
Akrami, Sara
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Saeedi, Mina
Zonouzi, Afsaneh
论文数: 0引用数: 0
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Univ Tehran, Coll Sci, Sch Chem, POB 14155-6455, Tehran, IranShiraz Univ Med Sci, Med & Nat Prod Chem Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
Zonouzi, Afsaneh
Iraji, Aida
论文数: 0引用数: 0
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Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Med & Nat Prod Chem Res Ctr, Shiraz, IranShiraz Univ Med Sci, Med & Nat Prod Chem Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
Iraji, Aida
Larijani, Bagher
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Univ Tehran Med Sci, Endocrinol & Metab Res Ctr, Endocrinol & Metab Clin Sci Inst, Tehran, IranShiraz Univ Med Sci, Med & Nat Prod Chem Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
Larijani, Bagher
Fakherzadeh, Hossein
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Univ Tehran Med Sci, Elderly Hlth Res Ctr, Endocrinol & Metab Populat Sci Inst, Tehran, IranShiraz Univ Med Sci, Med & Nat Prod Chem Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
Fakherzadeh, Hossein
Sharifi, Farshad
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Univ Tehran Med Sci, Elderly Hlth Res Ctr, Endocrinol & Metab Populat Sci Inst, Tehran, IranShiraz Univ Med Sci, Med & Nat Prod Chem Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
Sharifi, Farshad
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Arzaghi, Seyed Masoud
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Mahdavi, Mohammad
Edraki, Najmeh
论文数: 0引用数: 0
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Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Med & Nat Prod Chem Res Ctr, Shiraz, IranShiraz Univ Med Sci, Med & Nat Prod Chem Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
机构:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Tehran 14176, IranUniv Tehran Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Tehran 14176, Iran
Abdshahzadeh, Helia
Golshani, Mostafa
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Univ Tehran Med Sci, Inst Pharmaceut Sci Tips, Tehran 14176, IranUniv Tehran Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Tehran 14176, Iran
Golshani, Mostafa
Nadri, Hamid
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Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Yazd 37240171035, Iran
Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci, Pharmaceut Sci Res Ctr, Yazd 37240171035, IranUniv Tehran Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Tehran 14176, Iran
Nadri, Hamid
Kia, Iraj Saberi
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Univ Tehran Med Sci, Inst Pharmaceut Sci Tips, Tehran 14176, IranUniv Tehran Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Tehran 14176, Iran
Kia, Iraj Saberi
Abdolahi, Zahra
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机构:
Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Yazd 37240171035, Iran
Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci, Pharmaceut Sci Res Ctr, Yazd 37240171035, IranUniv Tehran Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Tehran 14176, Iran
Abdolahi, Zahra
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Forootanfar, Hamid
Ameri, Alieh
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Kerman Univ Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Kerman 7616913555, IranUniv Tehran Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Tehran 14176, Iran
Ameri, Alieh
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Kucukkilinc, Tuba Tuylu
Ayazgok, Beyza
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Hacettepe Univ, Fac Pharm, Dept Biochem, TR-06100 Ankara, TurkeyUniv Tehran Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Tehran 14176, Iran
Ayazgok, Beyza
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Jalili-Baleh, Leili
Ebrahimi, Seyed Esmaeil Sadat
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Univ Tehran Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Tehran 14176, IranUniv Tehran Med Sci, Fac Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Tehran 14176, Iran
机构:
Jagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, PolandJagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, Poland
Szalaj, Natalia
Godyn, Justyna
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h-index: 0
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Jagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, PolandJagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, Poland
Godyn, Justyna
Jonczyk, Jakub
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Jagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, PolandJagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, Poland
Jonczyk, Jakub
Pasieka, Anna
论文数: 0引用数: 0
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Jagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, PolandJagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, Poland
Pasieka, Anna
Panek, Dawid
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Jagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, PolandJagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, Poland
Panek, Dawid
Wichur, Tomasz
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Jagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, PolandJagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, Poland
Wichur, Tomasz
Wieckowski, Krzysztof
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Jagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Organ Chem, Krakow, PolandJagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, Poland
Wieckowski, Krzysztof
Zareba, Paula
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Jagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, PolandJagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, Poland
Zareba, Paula
Bajda, Marek
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Jagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, PolandJagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, Poland
Bajda, Marek
Pislar, Anja
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Univ Ljubljana, Fac Pharm, Ljubljana, SloveniaJagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, Poland
Pislar, Anja
Malawska, Barbara
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Jagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, PolandJagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, Poland
Malawska, Barbara
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Sabate, Raimon
Wieckowska, Anna
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Jagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, PolandJagiellonian Univ Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Physicochem Drug Anal, Med Coll, Med 9 Str, PL-30688 Krakow, Poland
机构:
Nanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R ChinaNanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R China
Sang, Zhipei
Wang, Keren
论文数: 0引用数: 0
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机构:
Nanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R ChinaNanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R China
Wang, Keren
Shi, Jian
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Nanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R ChinaNanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R China
Shi, Jian
Cheng, Xinfeng
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Nanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R ChinaNanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R China
Cheng, Xinfeng
Zhu, Gaofeng
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机构:
Guizhou Medcial Univ, State Key Lab Funct & Applicat Med Plants, Guiyang 550014, Peoples R ChinaNanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R China
Zhu, Gaofeng
Wei, Rongrui
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机构:
Jiangxi Univ Tradit Chinese Med, State Key Lab Innovat Drugs & High Efficiency Ene, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, Peoples R ChinaNanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R China
Wei, Rongrui
Ma, Qinge
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h-index: 0
机构:
Jiangxi Univ Tradit Chinese Med, State Key Lab Innovat Drugs & High Efficiency Ene, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, Peoples R ChinaNanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R China
Ma, Qinge
Yu, Lintao
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机构:
Nanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R ChinaNanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R China
Yu, Lintao
Zhao, Yiyang
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Nanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R ChinaNanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R China
Zhao, Yiyang
Tan, Zhenghuai
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Sichuan Acad Chinese Med Sci, Inst Tradit Chinese Med Pharmacol & Toxicol, Chengdu 610041, Peoples R ChinaNanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R China
Tan, Zhenghuai
Liu, Wenmin
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Nanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R ChinaNanyang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Pharmaceut Engn, Nanyang 473061, Peoples R China
机构:
Univ Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, ItalyUniv Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
Minarini, A.
Milelli, A.
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Univ Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, ItalyUniv Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
Milelli, A.
Tumiatti, V.
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Univ Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, ItalyUniv Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
Tumiatti, V.
Rosini, M.
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Univ Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, ItalyUniv Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
Rosini, M.
Simoni, E.
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Univ Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, ItalyUniv Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
Simoni, E.
Bolognesi, M. L.
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Univ Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, ItalyUniv Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
Bolognesi, M. L.
Andrisano, V.
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机构:
Univ Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, ItalyUniv Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
Andrisano, V.
Bartolini, M.
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机构:
Univ Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, ItalyUniv Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
Bartolini, M.
Motori, E.
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机构:
Univ Bologna, Dept Biochem G Moruzzi, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, ItalyUniv Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
Motori, E.
Angeloni, C.
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机构:
Univ Bologna, Dept Biochem G Moruzzi, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, ItalyUniv Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
Angeloni, C.
Hrelia, S.
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机构:
Univ Bologna, Dept Biochem G Moruzzi, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, ItalyUniv Bologna, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Alma Mater Studiorum, I-40126 Bologna, Italy