Acute macular neuroretinopathy: pathogenetic insights from optical coherence tomography angiography

Aim To describe the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) features of patients affected by acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN). Methods This is a prospective, observational, cross-sectional study. Multimodal imaging, including spectral domain OCT (Spectralis HRA+OCT; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) and 6x6 mm swept source OCT-A (ZEISS PLEX Elite 9000; ZEISS, Dublin, California), was performed on all patients. The primary outcome measure was assessment of the vascular alterations of the superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexuses and choriocapillaris (CC). A segmentation of the AMN lesions using enface OCT images of photoreceptors-retinal pigment epithelium complex was used to discriminate intralesional and extralesional regions on the OCT-A enface slabs of the DCP and CC reconstructions. Each OCT-A slab was imported into ImageJ V. 1.50 and digitally binarised for quantitative analyses. Results Overall, seven patients (mean age 19.4 +/- 3.2 years, six women) affected by AMN were included. The mean best-corrected visual acuity was 0.00 +/- 0.00 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution. Twelve healthy age-matched subjects (mean age 22 +/- 3.4 years, 10 women) represented the control group. The quantitative analysis of global vessel densities showed that the CC vessel density was significantly lower in patients with AMN (0.495 +/- 0.03) compared with the age-matched controls (0.545 +/- 0.02) (corrected p=0.0003). The intralesional vessel density of the DCP was 0.349 +/- 0.04 in AMN and vs 0.497 +/- 0.02 in the controls (corrected p=0.0002). Conclusions Our study confirmed inner choroidal vascular flow void as a possible pathogenetic mechanism of AMN. We also found a focal impairment of the DCP within the AMN lesions. Future studies are needed to clarify which is the primary location of the vascular insult in this condition.