Activation of NF-κB drives the enhanced survival of adipose tissue macrophages in an obesogenic environment

Objective: Macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue (AT) during obesity contributes to inflammation and insulin resistance. Recruitment of monocytes to obese AT has been the most studied mechanism explaining this accumulation. However, recent evidence suggests that recruitment-independent mechanisms may also regulate pro-inflammatory AT macrophage (ATM) numbers. The role of increased ATM survival during obesity has yet to be explored. Results: We demonstrate that activation of apoptotic pathways is significantly reduced in ATMs from diet-induced and genetically obese mice. Concurrently, pro-survival Bcl-2 family member protein levels and localization to the mitochondria is elevated in ATMs from obese mice. This increased pro-survival signaling was associated with elevated activation of the transcription factor, NF-kappa B, and increased expression of its pro-survival target genes. Finally, an obesogenic milieu increased ATM viability only when NF-kappa B signaling pathways were functional. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that obesity promotes survival of inflammatory ATMs, possibly through an NF-kappa B-regulated mechanism. Published by Elsevier GmbH. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).