Fast peroxydisulfate oxidation of the antibiotic norfloxacin catalyzed by cyanobacterial biochar

Peroxydisulfate (PDS) is a common oxidant for organic contaminant remediation. PDS is typically activated by metal catalysts to generate reactive radicals. Unfortunately, as radicals are non-selective and metal catalysts may cause secondary contamination, alternative selective non-radical pathways and non-metal catalysts need attention. Here we investigated PDS oxidation of commonly detected antibiotic Norfloxacin (NOR) using cyanobacterial nitrogen rich biochars (CBs) as catalysts. NOR was fully degraded by CB pyrolysed at 950 degrees C (CB950) within 120 min. CB950 caused threefold faster degradation than low pyrolysis temperature (PT) CBs and achieved a maximum surface area normalized rate constant of 4.38 x 10(-2) min(-1) m(-2) L compared to widely used metal catalysts. CB950 maintained full reactivity after four repeated uses. High defluorination (82%) and mineralization (>82%) were observed for CB950/PDS. CBs were active over a broad pH range (3-10), but with twice as high rates under alkaline compared with neutral conditions. NOR is degraded by organic, (OH)-O-center dot and SO4 center dot- radicals in low PT CBs/PDS systems, where the presence of Mn-II promotes radical generation. Electron transfer reactions with radicals supplemented dominate high PT CBs/PDS systems. This study demonstrates high PT biochars from algal bloom biomass may find use as catalysts for organic contaminant oxidation.