Differences in the dielectric properties of various benign and malignant thyroid nodules

Purpose This experiment was conducted to investigate the dielectric properties of different types of thyroid nodules. Our goal was to find a simple and fast method to detect thyroid diseases at different stages from the dielectric properties of thyroid nodules. Methods We used the open-ended coaxial line method to measure the dielectric permittivities of thyroid tissues from 155 patients at frequencies ranging from 1 to 4000 MHz. Tissues that were investigated included normal thyroid tissue and benign and malignant thyroid nodules (nodular goiter, follicular adenoma, papillary carcinoma, and follicular carcinoma), as determined from pathological reports. Differences in dielectric properties were measured between each nodule and the surrounding 1 cm of tissue. Results The analysis results revealed that the dielectric permittivity and conductivity values were positively correlated with the degree of malignancy of the nodule (normal P < 0.05). This was more obvious at frequencies within 20 similar to 70 MHz, following the order normal tissue < nodular goiter < follicular adenoma < papillary carcinoma < follicular carcinoma. A significant difference (P < 0.05) in dielectric permittivity and conductivity was found when comparing these nodules with the surrounding 1 cm of tissue. Conclusions Normal, benign, and malignant nodules were successfully distinguished from one another, and dielectric permittivity was found to be a more sensitive parameter than conductivity. In particular, different disease types can be distinguished at a stimulation frequency of 20 similar to 70 MHz, which shows that dielectric properties have application prospects for the detection and diagnosis of cancer. At the same time, the dielectric parameter differences between the surrounding 1 cm of tissue and the diseased nodule can distinguish the tumor and its surrounding tissues in real time during surgery to determine the tumor boundary.